Discuss various approaches to analyse the character of early medieval polity.

The focus here is on two major characteristics of the early medieval period, the structure and scale of the political forms which evolved and the gradual development of regional cultures and economies. Some authors divide the subcontinent up into four major regions, or mega-regions: south, east, central and north India. Burton Stein has pointed to the existence of six major regions, the south, the west (containing Maharashtra and Gujarat), the east, the north, the central and the northwest (containing Punjab, Sind, and Baluchistan) . These divisions are relevant to a discussion of the kinds of states which appeared in the early medieval centuries. Stein figures that between 500 AD and 1700, about 20 kingdoms succeeded in extending their sovereignty beyond a single mega-region, if we count the mega-regions as six in number. Two thirds of these were ruled by Hindu dynasties, but the most durable of these imperial states was the Muslim Mughal empire, from about the middle of Akbar‟s reign, around 1580, to the reign of Muhammad Shah in 1730. Dominance in more than one region by almost all of these states was usually the accomplishment of a single ruler, a great conquering warrior like Pulakesin II of the seventh century Chalukyan kingdom or the mid-tenth century Krisna II of the Rashtrakutas, both of the Deccan. Besides these 20 kingdoms which for a time at least spanned two or more large regions, there were numerous others the scale of whose authority was far more limited, but whose duration could nevertheless be considerable. From inscriptions and literary sources we get information on over 40 royal dynasties who endured for a period in the mega-regions. The chronicles of temples, royal genealogical texts, and oral traditions tell of both wealthy kings and local chiefs who attempted to achieve royal status. The existence of so many rulers tells us that the early medieval period witnessed the emergence of new state forms, compared to the late Vedic and classical periods. There is, however, little agreement among historians about the character of these states and their form. However, the kingdom of Harsha is often taken as the typical state when scholars talk of Indian feudalism. Harsha ruled a realm nearly as large as the Gupta kingdom during the first half of the seventh century. His capital was Kanauj, modern Kanpur, in the fertile plain between the Ganges and the Yamuna rivers, the doab. The capital had originally been at ________ __________ ________ ___ _______.
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