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Leachate is a liquid that percolates through a landfill and collects dissolved and suspended materials from the waste. It is one of the major by-products of solid waste disposal and poses significant environmental hazards if not properly managed. Leachate composition varies depending on factors such as the type of waste, age of the landfill, moisture content, and climatic conditions. It generally contains a complex mixture of organic and inorganic substances, heavy metals, nutrients, and pathogens, all of which contribute to its highly contaminated nature. The contaminants present in leachate can be broadly classified into several categories: organic matter, inorganic compounds, heavy metals, nutrients, xenobiotic organic compounds, and microbiological contaminants. One of the primary contaminants in leachate is organic matter. Organic substances in leachate mainly originate from food waste, paper, garden waste, and other biodegradable components of municipal solid waste. These include biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), humic acids, and fulvic acids. High levels of organic matter are indicated by parameters such as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Fresh landfills usually produce leachate with a high BOD/COD ratio, signifying high biodegradability, while older landfills generate more stabilized leachate with lower biodegradability. Organic acids such as acetic, formic, and propionic acid are also common, which contribute to the acidic nature of young leachate. In addition, complex organic molecules like phenols, aromatic hydrocarbons, and various polymeric substances may be present due to ________ _________ _____ ________ ______ ____ ______ __________ ____ _____.
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