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After India attained independence in 1947, the development and welfare of tribal communities became an important concern of the State. The Constitution recognized the need to protect the unique identity, culture, and rights of Scheduled Tribes while ensuring their socio-economic development. Tribal policies in the post-independent period have aimed to balance integration with preservation of tribal identity, though the implementation has faced several challenges. The philosophical foundation of India's tribal policy was laid by Jawaharlal Nehru through his famous Tribal Panchsheel. These principles emphasized respect for tribal culture, minimal interference in tribal life, promotion of development according to tribal genius, protection of tribal rights over land and forests, and training of tribal people for administration rather than imposing outsiders. Nehru believed that tribal communities should develop naturally without forced assimilation. The Constitution of India provides several safeguards for Scheduled Tribes. Articles 15, 16, 46, 244, and 275 promote equality, educational advancement, economic welfare, and special administrative arrangements. The Fifth Schedule deals with the administration of tribal areas in most __________ ___ _____ ______ _________.
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