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The post-independent period of India marked a significant shift in the approach toward tribal communities. The framers of the Indian Constitution, deeply aware of the social, economic, and cultural marginalization of tribal groups, attempted to design policies that would ensure their protection, preservation of their identity, and integration into the mainstream without forced assimilation. The tribal policies post-1947 were guided by constitutional provisions, five-year plans, recommendations of committees and commissions, welfare legislations, and the emergence of tribal movements and rights-based approaches. The tribal policies post-independence can broadly be categorized under the themes of protection, development, participation, and empowerment. 1. Constitutional Provisions: A Protective Framework The Indian Constitution contains specific provisions for the protection and upliftment of Scheduled Tribes. Under Article 366(25) and Article 342, the term "Scheduled Tribes" is defined, and the President of India is empowered to declare tribes as Scheduled Tribes. The Constitution guarantees equality before law and prohibits discrimination (Article 14-15), but also provides special rights and safeguards for STs to ensure equity. The Fifth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Tribes in states other than those in the Sixth Schedule. It mandates the appointment of a Tribes Advisory Council _________ ____ ______ _______ __________.
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