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The Utilitarian ideas emerged in Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and became an influential intellectual force during the period from the mid-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. Utilitarianism was closely associated with thinkers such as Jeremy Bentham, James Mill and John Stuart Mill. In the context of British India, these ideas became particularly significant because they influenced the outlook of several British administrators and reformers, especially those who believed that Indian society should be reorganised through rational laws, administrative reforms and Western education. Utilitarianism provided an intellectual justification for many colonial policies, although its application in India was often shaped by imperial interests. The central principle of Utilitarianism was expressed by Jeremy Bentham as the principle of the “greatest happiness of the greatest number.” According to Bentham, human beings were governed by two sovereign masters—pleasure and pain. Individuals generally sought pleasure and avoided pain, and therefore moral and political institutions should be judged according to their capacity to promote happiness and reduce suffering. Instead of relying on tradition, custom or religious authority, Utilitarians advocated rational assessment of institutions and policies. A major feature of Utilitarian thought was its emphasis on reason and rationality. Utilitarians believed that social institutions should not be accepted merely because they were traditional or ancient. Laws ___ __________ _______ __________ _________ _________ _______.
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