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The World Customs Organization (WCO) plays a pivotal role in combating intellectual property rights (IPR) crime at the global level by coordinating customs administrations, developing enforcement standards, and facilitating cooperation among member countries. As international trade expands and supply chains become more complex, the risk of counterfeiting and piracy has increased significantly, posing serious threats to trade secrets, fair competition, and the protection of traditional cultural expressions (TCEs). The WCO’s role is therefore crucial in ensuring that cross-border trade is conducted in compliance with IPR laws and that illicit goods are effectively intercepted. The WCO serves as a central platform for customs authorities from over 180 member countries to collaborate and exchange information on IPR enforcement. Its primary function lies in strengthening border measures, which are critical in preventing the entry and exit of counterfeit and pirated goods. By providing guidelines, tools, and capacity-building initiatives, the organization ensures that customs officials are equipped to detect and seize infringing goods. This is particularly important in safeguarding trade secrets, as the unauthorized movement of counterfeit products often involves the misuse of confidential information, manufacturing techniques, and proprietary data. One of the major contributions of the WCO __________ _______ _____ ___ ______ ________ ______ _____ _________ ____ _______.
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