Discuss the role of vitamins as coenzymes in metabolic reactions. Choose three vitamins and describe their biochemical roles and deficiency symptoms.

Vitamins play crucial roles as coenzymes in various metabolic reactions, aiding in the proper functioning of enzymes that catalyze biochemical processes. Three essential vitamins that serve as coenzymes include Vitamin B1 (Thiamine), Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), and Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin). Each of these vitamins contributes significantly to energy production, DNA synthesis, and various other metabolic pathways.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of carbohydrates. Thiamine is converted into its active form, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which participates in the decarboxylation of α-keto acids, ____ _______ _______ ______ __________.
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