Discuss the role of various conflicting parties in Afghanistan in the violation of the rule of IHL. 

The armed conflict in Afghanistan is currently governed by the customary and treaty rules applicable to armed conflicts of a non-international character. Prior to the current armed conflict, the violence in Afghanistan has moved through at least three phases since 2001. The first of these phases covers the situation leading up to the US-led invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001; the violence between the Taliban government and the Northern Alliance forces at that time constituted an armed conflict of a non-international __________ ________ _________ ____ _____ ____ ______ __________ ___ __________ ________.
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