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The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) plays a crucial role in determining wind energy potential because it is the lowest part of the atmosphere directly influenced by the Earth’s surface. Within this layer, wind speed, turbulence intensity, and wind shear vary significantly due to surface roughness, temperature gradients, and topographical features. For wind energy generation, turbines are typically installed within or slightly above the atmospheric boundary layer where wind flow is relatively stable and stronger. The thickness of the boundary layer may vary from a few hundred meters over land during daytime to several kilometers over oceans, influencing the availability of usable wind resources. Wind speed generally increases with height above the ground because surface friction slows down air movement near the Earth’s surface. This vertical variation in wind speed is known as wind shear. In wind energy applications, high wind shear can be beneficial because taller wind turbine ____ _________ ___ ___ _____ _______.
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