Discuss the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial walls characterized by the accumulation of lipids, cholesterol, and cellular debris, leading to plaque formation. The pathogenesis begins with endothelial injury or dysfunction, often caused by factors like hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, or diabetes. The damaged endothelium becomes more permeable, allowing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ________ ________ ___ _____ ____.
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