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The Khilafat Movement was one of the most significant mass political movements in India during the early twentieth century. It emerged after the First World War and was closely connected with the fate of the Ottoman Empire and the position of the Ottoman Sultan, who was regarded by many Sunni Muslims as the Caliph, the spiritual head of the Islamic world. Although the movement originated as a religious and political campaign to protect the authority of the Caliph, it soon became deeply intertwined with the Indian struggle against British colonial rule. The alliance between the Khilafat leaders and Mahatma Gandhi transformed the movement into a broader anti-colonial campaign and played a decisive role in the formation and success of the Non-Cooperation Movement. The origins of the Khilafat Movement lay in the international developments following the end of the First World War. The Ottoman Empire had fought on the side of Germany and its allies and suffered defeat. The victorious Allied Powers proposed harsh peace terms that threatened to dismantle the Ottoman Empire and reduce the authority of the Sultan. Indian Muslims feared that the holy places of Islam and the institution of the Caliphate would be weakened or abolished. Since many Indian Muslims regarded the Caliph as an important symbol of Islamic unity, these developments caused widespread dissatisfaction and anxiety. The British government had earlier assured Indian Muslims that the interests of the Ottoman Empire would be respected after the war. However, these assurances were not fulfilled. The Treaty of Sèvres in 1920 imposed ___ _________ ___ ___ _______ __________ _______ ________ _________ ______.
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