Discuss the mechanism of action of enzymes. Explain the application of biotechnology in biofuel and bioplastic production.

Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts, facilitating and accelerating biochemical reactions within living organisms. They play a crucial role in various metabolic processes, breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones or synthesizing new compounds. Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy required for a specific reaction, making it easier for the reaction to occur. The mechanism of action of enzymes involves several key steps.

1. Substrate Binding: Enzymes are highly specific and typically act on a particular substrate or a group of structurally related substrates. The substrate, which is the molecule upon which the enzyme acts, binds to the enzyme's active site through non-covalent interactions. This binding is specific and relies on the complementary shapes and chemical _______ _____ _______ _____ _____ __________ __________ ____.
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