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Scheduled Tribes (STs) in India constitute a significant section of the population, often referred to as the indigenous or tribal communities, who have historically lived in isolation and relied on forest, agriculture, and traditional occupations for their livelihood. Despite constitutional safeguards and affirmative policies, they continue to face multiple socio-economic, cultural, and political challenges that hinder their holistic development. One of the major problems faced by scheduled tribes is poverty. A significant proportion of STs live below the poverty line due to limited access to productive resources such as land, capital, and modern technology. Many tribal communities depend on subsistence agriculture, forest produce, or casual labor, which does not provide stable income. Their geographic isolation in hilly, forested, and remote areas also limits access to markets, employment opportunities, and government schemes. Another critical issue is illiteracy and poor educational outcomes. The literacy rate among STs is substantially lower than the national average, particularly for women. Schools in tribal areas are often inadequately staffed, poorly equipped, or located at long distances from tribal habitations. Language and cultural barriers further impede _______ ___ __________ ________ ___ _____ ________.
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