Discuss the Major issues related to Intellectual Property Right and Biotechnology

Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) and biotechnology intersect in complex ways, raising significant legal, ethical, and socio-economic issues. This intersection primarily involves patent law, plant varieties protection (PVP), and the protection of traditional knowledge (TK). Here, we'll discuss the major issues related to IPRs and biotechnology within the framework of these three aspects.

1. Patent Law and Biotechnology:

   Biotechnological innovations, such as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), gene editing techniques like CRISPR-Cas9, and synthetic biology, have expanded the scope of patentable subject matter. However, this expansion has led to several contentious issues:

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