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Probation in India has evolved gradually as an important reformative measure within the criminal justice system. Its historical development reflects the changing philosophy of punishment from retribution to reformation. In the early period of Indian legal history, punishment was largely based on deterrence and retribution. The idea that an offender could be corrected and rehabilitated within society was almost absent. During the British colonial period, the criminal justice system was primarily punitive in nature and imprisonment was considered the main method of dealing with offenders. However, social reform movements in the nineteenth century and growing humanitarian ideas in the West slowly began to influence criminal justice thinking in India as well. The modern concept of probation originated in England and the United States during the nineteenth century. These ideas gradually reached India through British administrators and legal scholars. The earliest traces of probationary practices in India can be found in certain provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1898. This Code ______ ____ _______ ______ ________.
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