Discuss the fundamental duties provisions pertaining to environment in the Indian Constitution. Discuss the features of National conservation strategy for the conservation of the natural resources.

The Indian Constitution, through its various provisions, reflects a strong commitment towards the protection and improvement of the environment. Environmental legislation in India has evolved significantly, and it derives strength from constitutional mandates, policy frameworks, and statutory laws. Among these, the fundamental duties and national strategies for conservation form the bedrock of India's environmental legal framework.

Fundamental Duties and Environment in the Indian Constitution

The 42nd Amendment to the Constitution of India, enacted in 1976, was a landmark step in integrating environmental protection into the constitutional framework. This amendment introduced Article 51A under Part IV-A, which enumerates the Fundamental Duties of citizens. Among these, Article 51A(g) specifically deals with the environment. It states:

"It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures."

This provision, although not justiciable in a court of law, holds immense value in fostering environmental consciousness among citizens. It lays the moral foundation for environmental responsibility and has been extensively referred to by the judiciary while delivering judgments on environmental matters.

Key implications of Article 51A(g) are as follows:

1. Public Responsibility: Every citizen is expected to actively participate in the protection of natural ecosystems. It is not merely a directive to the State but a personal moral obligation for all individuals.

2. Environmental Ethics: The inclusion of compassion for living creatures introduces an ethical dimension to environmental duties, broadening the concept from mere protection to empathetic coexistence.

3. Judicial Interpretation: Courts in India have often invoked Article 51A(g) to justify public interest litigation (PIL) and issue directives for environmental conservation. It supports the idea that environmental rights are fundamental to life under Article 21.

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