Word Count : 497

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Concentration polarization is a phenomenon observed in electrochemical systems where there is a change in the concentration of reactants or products at the electrode surface compared to the bulk solution. When an electrode is immersed in an electrolyte and a current is passed, electroactive species near the electrode are consumed or generated at a rate faster than they can be replenished from the bulk solution. This leads to a gradient in concentration, causing the electrode reaction rate to decrease and the observed potential to deviate from the equilibrium value. Concentration polarization is particularly significant in processes like electroplating, electrolysis, and fuel cells, where high current densities are used. It is influenced by factors such as the diffusion coefficient of the ions, the thickness of ____ ______ _______ ________ __________ _____ __________ ___ __________.
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