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Concentration polarization is a phenomenon observed in electrochemical systems where there is a change in the concentration of reactants or products at the electrode surface compared to the bulk solution. When an electrode is immersed in an electrolyte and a current is passed, electroactive species near the electrode are consumed or generated at a rate faster than they can be replenished from the bulk solution. This leads to a gradient in concentration, causing the electrode reaction rate to decrease and the observed potential to deviate from the equilibrium value. Concentration polarization is particularly significant in processes like electroplating, electrolysis, ___ _____ _______ _______ __________ ____ ________.
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