Discuss the factors that establish constitutional supremacy rather than parliamentary supremacy in India.

### Factors Establishing Constitutional Supremacy Over Parliamentary Supremacy in India

India’s constitutional framework is unique, balancing a complex interplay of democratic principles, federalism, and the rule of law. At its core, the Indian system embraces **constitutional supremacy** over **parliamentary supremacy**, a stance that has profound implications for governance, the protection of fundamental rights, and the overall structure of the state. This essay explores the key factors that underscore constitutional supremacy in India, distinguishing it from systems like the United Kingdom, where parliamentary sovereignty prevails.

#### 1. **Written and Rigid Constitution**

India has a **written constitution**, meticulously drafted and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on January 26, 1950. This comprehensive document outlines the structure, powers, and functions of various organs of the state, and importantly, sets limits on their powers. Unlike the flexible constitution of the UK, India's Constitution is **rigid**, meaning that it requires a special procedure for amendments. Article 368 of the Constitution prescribes a complex process for amendments, involving a majority in both Houses of Parliament and, in some cases, ratification by state legislatures. This rigidity ensures that fundamental aspects of the Constitution are not easily altered by transient majorities in Parliament, thus establishing the supremacy of the Constitution over parliamentary actions.

#### 2. **Judicial Review**

The power of **judicial review** vested in the Supreme Court and High Courts is a cornerstone of constitutional supremacy in India. Under Articles 13, 32, and 226, these courts have the authority to review and strike down any legislation or executive action that contravenes the Constitution. This power acts as a check _____ ________ ___ ________ ___ ____ _____ _________ ________.
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