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The understanding of disability has undergone a profound transformation over the past century, reflecting broader societal, cultural, and political changes. Historically, disability was largely viewed through the lens of deficiency and dependency, with individuals with disabilities often marginalized and excluded from mainstream society. One of the earliest frameworks to conceptualize disability was the Charity Model, which dominated social and institutional responses to disability for much of the 19th and early 20th centuries. This model emphasized pity and benevolence, positioning people with disabilities as passive recipients of care rather than active participants in society. Institutions such as asylums and special schools were often justified under this perspective, reinforcing segregation and the notion that disability was a personal tragedy requiring rescue or protection. While this model did provide some material support, it simultaneously reinforced stigma and disempowerment, as individuals were defined primarily by their impairments rather than by their potential and capabilities. As society progressed, the Medical Model of disability gained prominence, particularly with the rise of modern medicine and rehabilitation sciences. This perspective shifted the focus from moral or charitable interpretations of disability to a clinical understanding, framing disability as a defect or abnormality within the individual that needed diagnosis, treatment, or correction. Medical professionals played a central role in defining what constituted disability, and interventions were largely aimed at “curing” or managing impairments to enable the individual to conform to societal norms. Although the Medical Model offered valuable insights into functional limitations and fostered the development of therapies and assistive technologies, it maintained an individualized focus, often ____ _______ ___ ________ _______.
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