Discuss the emergence of the Chinese bourgeoisie as a social force.

Or

 Analyse the factors that contributed to the rise of nationalism in China. 

In light of the post-Mao era Chinese market reform and its emphasis on economic modernization, Marie-Claire Bergère seeks to reconsider the role of a cosmopolitan, entrepreneurial “bourgeoisie” in twentieth-century Chinese history. Bergère’s work traces the brief flourishing of an elusive, if not nebulous, Chinese bourgeoisie between 1910 and 1920, who, to the author, was important because it was the first to “identify its own destiny and that of China as a whole with economic modernization” (4). In doing so, she offers the only definitive study that examines the various constituents of these new capitalist entrepreneurs and attempts to dismiss conventional Marxist historiography in dissociating the interplay of modernity and revolution in Chinese history. By studying the brief emergence of the bourgeoisie, Bergère challenges the Marxist interpretation of Chinese history and believes that a social revolution was not necessary for economic progress.

Certainly, the strength of the book lies in its first half, where Bergère’s use of social analysis illuminates the fragile emergence of a modern industrial business class, primarily focusing on Shanghai. Her discussion of this modern business elite is informative, engaging us in spatial descriptions of industrial Shanghai, and giving face to name by using family histories to portray different members of China’s capitalists and their various motivations. Rather than interpreting this class rigidly and merely reducing its intricacies to Marxist abstractions, Bergère’s bourgeoisie is one whose social structure is organized dynamically along traditional family and regional links, as well as professional lines, from which _____ _____ ________ __________ __________ ________ __________ _____.
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