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Formal experimental design in research methodology refers to structured approaches that allow researchers to systematically manipulate variables and observe their effects while minimizing bias. One widely used form is the completely randomized design (CRD), where subjects are randomly assigned to different treatment groups. This design is simple and effective when experimental units are homogeneous, ensuring ________ ______ _________ _________ ______ ___ ________ _______ _______ ____ ___.
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