Discuss the design issues of interconnection network in detail.

Designing interconnection networks in parallel computing systems involves addressing several critical issues to ensure efficient communication and coordination among processing elements. These networks serve as the backbone for data exchange and synchronization between nodes, influencing overall system performance. Below, I'll delve into the key design considerations and challenges associated with interconnection networks in parallel computing systems.

1. Topology Selection: The choice of network topology significantly impacts system performance, scalability, and fault tolerance. Common topologies include:

   - Mesh: Nodes are arranged in a grid-like fashion, with each node connected to its adjacent nodes. Mesh networks are simple and suitable for small-scale systems but suffer from limited scalability due to high contention and long communication paths.
   
   - Torus: Similar to a mesh, but with wraparound connections, forming a toroidal shape. Torus networks mitigate the long-distance communication issue present in mesh networks, _______ _____ _________ ____ _______ _______ _____.
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