Discuss the definition and essential Ingredients of the following under the Indian Penal Code 1860.

a) Criminal Conspiracy (Sec 120A) (05)

b) Dishonest Misappropriation of Properly (Sec-403)

a). Section 120A. Definition of criminal conspiracy –

When two or more persons agree to do, or cause to be done, –

• an illegal act, or
• an act which is not illegal by illegal means, such an agreement is designated a criminal conspiracy:
• Provided that no agreement except an agreement to commit an offence shall amount to a criminal conspiracy unless some act besides the agreement is done by one or more parties to such agreement in pursuance thereof.

Explanation. – It is immaterial whether the illegal act is the ultimate object of such agreement, or is merely incidental to that object.

The essence of criminal conspiracy is an agreement to do an illegal act and such an agreement can be proved either by direct evidence or by circumstantial evidence or by both. Direct evidence to prove conspiracy is rarely available and, therefore, the circumstances proved before, during and after the occurrence have to be considered to decide about the complicity of the accused. There must be a meeting of minds resulting in ultimate decision taken by the conspirators regarding the commission of an offence and where the factum __________ ______ ________ _____ _________ ______ _____ ______ ____ ________ ___.
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