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The Indian Patents Act, 1970 lays down specific criteria that an invention must satisfy to be considered patentable, ensuring that only genuine, useful, and innovative contributions receive legal protection. These criteria are primarily embodied in Sections 2(1)(j), 2(1)(ja), and 2(1)(ac), along with the exclusions provided under Sections 3 and 4. The three fundamental requirements for patentability under Indian law are novelty, inventive step, and industrial applicability, all of which must be satisfied cumulatively. Novelty refers to the newness of an invention. An invention is considered novel if it has not been anticipated by prior art. Prior art includes any information relating to the invention that has been disclosed to the public anywhere in the world before the date of filing of the patent application. This disclosure may occur through publication in documents, use, or in any other form. The Indian patent system follows the absolute novelty standard, meaning that even disclosure by the inventor before filing can destroy novelty unless it falls within certain limited exceptions such as those provided under Section 31 relating to exhibitions. The assessment of novelty involves comparing the claimed invention with prior ______ ___ ________ _____ __________ _____ _________ ____ _______ _______ __________.
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