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W\.V.O. Quine proposed naturalized epistemology in response to fundamental issues within traditional epistemology, particularly its reliance on a priori reasoning and its separation from empirical science. The central condition that prompted Quine’s proposal was the failure of the logical positivists' program, especially the reductionist project which aimed to ground all knowledge in immediate sensory experience. Quine’s critique was mainly directed at the analytic-synthetic distinction and the notion that there are statements knowable independently of experience. In his seminal essay “Epistemology Naturalized” (1969), Quine argued that epistemology must be reoriented as a chapter of empirical psychology rather than remain a foundational discipline offering a normative theory of justification. One major condition was the failure of the project of foundationalism, particularly the empiricist attempt to reduce knowledge to a foundation of sense data. Quine observed _______ _________ __________ ______ __________ ___ _________.
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