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The New Public Management (NPM) is a significant approach to public administration that emerged mainly during the late twentieth century as a response to the perceived limitations of traditional bureaucratic administration. It seeks to make government organizations more efficient, responsive, economical, and performance-oriented by introducing selected principles and practices from the private sector into the public sector. NPM represents a shift from an emphasis on rules, procedures, and hierarchical control towards results, managerial autonomy, competition, and citizen-oriented service delivery. Traditional public administration was largely based on the Weberian bureaucratic model, characterized by hierarchy, formal rules, centralized decision-making, permanent officials, and ____ ________ ______ _______ _________ _____ ___ _____ ______.
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