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New Public Management (NPM) emerged in the 1980s as a response to the inefficiencies of traditional bureaucratic administration. It represents a paradigm shift in public administration, drawing heavily from private sector management practices to make public organizations more efficient, accountable, and responsive. NPM emphasizes results-oriented management, decentralization, market-based mechanisms, and customer satisfaction, moving away _____ _____ ____ ________ ___ ______.
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