Discuss the concept of measurement in social research

Measurement is the process of observing and recording the observations that are collected as part of a research effort. There are two major issues that will be considered here.

First, you have to understand the fundamental ideas involved in measuring. Here we consider two of major measurement concepts. In Levels of Measurement, I explain the meaning of the four major levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. Then we move on to the reliability of measurement, including consideration of true score theory and a variety of reliability estimators.

Second, you have to understand the different types of measures that you might use in social research. We consider four broad categories of measurements. Survey research includes the design and implementation of interviews and questionnaires. Scaling involves consideration of the major methods of developing and implementing a scale. Qualitative research provides an overview of the broad range of non-numerical measurement approaches. And unobtrusive measures presents a variety of measurement methods that don’t intrude on or interfere with the context of the research.

Empirical research in the social sciences requires both accurate and reliable measures. Collection of data takes many forms in the social sciences, including measurement of perceptions, cognitions, opinions, and other latent constructs that can’t be measured directly. When it comes to quantification of people, perceptions, and events, there are 4 types of measurement.

One mistake many social science researchers make is collecting data at a lower level than is necessary. As it turns out, it is always possible to transform data from a higher level to a lower level but never the other way around. Before you collect data during a research study, consider carefully which of the 4 types of data you are collecting and how you will use them ________ _____ ________ _______ __________.
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