Describe briefly the different forms of hypothesis with examples.
1. Simple Hypothesis
A simple hypothesis is a hypothesis that predicts a correlation between two test variables: an independent and a dependent variable.
This is the easiest and most straightforward type of hypothesis. You simply need to state an expected correlation between the dependant variable and the independent variable.
You do not need to predict causation (see: directional hypothesis). All you would need to do is prove that the two variables are linked.
Simple Hypothesis Examples
| Question | Simple Hypothesis |
|---|---|
| Do people over 50 like Coca-Cola more than people under 50? | On average, people over 50 like Coca-Cola more than people under 50. |
| According to national registries of car accident data, are Canadians better drivers than Americans? | Canadians are better drivers than Americans. |
| Are carpenters more liberal than plumbers? | Carpenters are more liberal than plumbers. |
| Do guitarists live longer than pianists? | Guitarists do live longer than pianists. |
| Do dogs eat more in summer than winter? | Dogs do eat more in summer than winter. |
2. Complex Hypothesis
A complex hypothesis is a hypothesis that contains multiple variables, making the hypothesis more specific but also harder to prove.
You can have multiple independent and dependant variables in this hypothesis.
Complex Hypothesis Example
| Question | Complex Hypothesis |
|---|---|
| Do (1) age and (2) weight affect chances of getting (3) diabetes and (4) heart disease? | (1) Age and (2) weight increase your chances of getting (3) diabetes and (4) heart disease. |
In the above example, we have multiple independent and dependent variables:
- Independent variables: Age and weight.
- Dependent variables: diabetes and heart disease.
Because there are multiple variables, this study is a lot more complex than a simple hypothesis. It quickly gets much more difficult to prove these hypotheses. This is why undergraduate and first-time researchers are usually encouraged to use simple hypotheses.
3. Null Hypothesis
A null hypothesis will predict that there will be no significant relationship between the two test variables.
For example, you can say that “The study will show that there is no correlation between marriage and happiness.”
A good way to think about a null hypothesis is to think of it in the same way as “innocent until proven guilty”[1]. Unless you can come up with evidence otherwise, your null hypothesis will stand.
A null hypothesis may also highlight that a correlation will be inconclusive. This means that you can predict that the study will not be able to confirm __________ _________ ____ ________ _________.
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