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Mental disorders are classified to provide a systematic framework for understanding, diagnosing, treating, and researching psychological conditions. Classification helps mental health professionals identify disorders based on recognized patterns of symptoms, duration, severity, and functional impairment. The two most widely used diagnostic systems are the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), published by the World Health Organization. These systems organize mental disorders into categories based on clinical features and scientific evidence. One major category is neurodevelopmental disorders, which usually begin during childhood and affect cognitive, social, and adaptive functioning. These include intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), communication disorders, and specific learning disorders. Such disorders interfere with normal developmental milestones and require early assessment and intervention. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders are characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, and behavior. Common symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized ____ _________ _____ ________ ___ _________ _________ _____ ________.
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