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Bias in epidemiological studies refers to a systematic error that leads to an incorrect estimation of the association between exposure and disease. Unlike random error, which occurs by chance and can be reduced by increasing the sample size, bias consistently distorts the results in one direction. In the field of mental disorders, epidemiological studies are essential for estimating the prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of conditions such as depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. The presence of bias can compromise the validity and reliability of these findings, leading to inaccurate conclusions and ineffective public health interventions. Selection bias occurs when ___ _________ ______ _________ ______ ____ ____ _______ _______ ___ ______ ____.
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