Discuss the causes of over-urbanisation.

Over-urbanization refers to a situation where the growth of urban areas exceeds the capacity of infrastructure, resources, and services to accommodate the population. In India, the rapid pace of urbanization has led to significant challenges, including overcrowded cities, strain on basic services, and a decline in quality of life. Several factors contribute to over-urbanization, many of which are interconnected and rooted in both historical trends and modern-day economic, social, and political dynamics.

1. Rural to Urban Migration  
One of the most significant causes of over-urbanization in India is the mass migration of people from rural areas to urban centers. This migration is primarily driven by the search for better employment opportunities, improved living standards, and access to better healthcare and education. In rural areas, agricultural productivity has stagnated, leading to fewer jobs and limited economic opportunities. As a result, many individuals and families migrate to cities where the demand for labor, particularly in sectors like construction, retail, and manufacturing, is high.

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