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Behavioural Approach to psychopathology:--

This approach to psychopathology emphasises the role of learning and

experience in causing psychological disorders. Behaviourists deal with

three main forms of learning: classical conditioning, operant

conditioning and social learning.

1 Classical conditioning:--

This is one of the simplest forms of learning studied originally by

Pavlov (1927) using dogs and the natural salivation response to the

presence of food. By pairing the sound of a bell with the presentation

of food he eventually could stimulate salivation merely by sounding the

bell. He had associated or conditioned the stimulus of the bell to the

response of salivation.

Classical conditioning involves unconditioned (natural) responses or

reflexes. Although it seems a long way from complex human behaviour

it does appear to have a role in some forms of psychopathology.

In one of the most celebrated if unethical studies in psychology,

Watson and Rayner (1920) classically conditioned an 11-month-old

child, since known as Little Albert, to fear fluffy animals. They did this

by pairing presentation of a tame white rat with a sudden loud noise.

The noise caused fear, an unconditioned reflex equivalent to salivation

in Pavlov's experiment, while the rat was the equivalent of the bell.

Eventually Albert was conditioned to associate the rat with fear. Little

Albert also became afraid of other fluffy objects similar to the white

rate such as a rabbit and white dog; this is known as stimulus

generalisation.

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