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The Government of India has recognized that financial inclusion is a critical driver of economic growth, social equity, and poverty alleviation. Affirmative action policies have been adopted with a particular focus on marginalized groups, including women, who historically face significant barriers in accessing financial services. These measures are designed to provide women with the tools, resources, and opportunities needed to participate fully in the financial system, thereby promoting gender equality and inclusive development. One of the earliest and most significant initiatives in this regard is the introduction of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) in 2014. This scheme aimed at ensuring access to basic banking services for all, especially targeting women and disadvantaged communities. The PMJDY promoted the opening of zero-balance accounts, issued RuPay debit cards, and offered overdraft facilities, which enabled women to have formal access to banking. The scheme emphasized the inclusion of women by setting specific targets for women account holders. Through this initiative, millions of women, particularly from rural areas, gained access to financial services for the first time, empowering them to save, invest, and participate in economic activities. Access to banking services under PMJDY also facilitated women’s engagement in government social security programs and subsidies directly linked to their bank accounts, reducing dependency on intermediaries and enhancing financial autonomy. Microfinance and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have also been central to India’s affirmative action strategies for women’s financial inclusion. The government, in collaboration with the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and commercial banks, has promoted SHGs as vehicles for empowering women economically and socially. These groups enable women to pool their resources, access credit, and receive financial literacy training. Women-led SHGs have shown remarkable success in _______ _________ ________ ____ ____ _____.
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