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The shift theory of translation, also known as "translation shifts," is a concept primarily associated with linguist J. C. Catford and further developed by scholars in translation studies. It deals with the changes or “shifts” that occur when translating a text from a source language (SL) to a target language (TL). Translation is rarely a word-for-word process; differences in grammar, syntax, semantics, and cultural context often require adjustments, leading to shifts. The shift theory provides a systematic framework to identify, classify, and analyze these transformations in translation. According to Catford, shifts ______ ___ ____ __________ ______ ________ ______ _______ ___ ____ ____.
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