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Karl Marx's explanation of social stratification is deeply rooted in his critique of capitalism and his analysis of class relations as the driving force of historical development. Marx viewed society primarily through the lens of economic structures, arguing that the organization of production and the ownership of material resources fundamentally shape social hierarchies and human relationships. For Marx, social stratification is not merely a matter of prestige or social honor, but a reflection of material inequalities that arise from the modes of production and the relationships people maintain to the means of production. Marx posited that society is divided into two primary classes under capitalism: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie, or capitalist class, owns the means of production, including factories, land, machinery, and capital. This ownership grants them the power to control economic resources and, consequently, social and political influence. The proletariat, or working class, does not own the means of production and must sell their labor to survive. This fundamental economic dependency creates a power imbalance that is central to Marx’s understanding of stratification. The relationship between these two classes is inherently antagonistic. Marx argued that the bourgeoisie exploits the proletariat by extracting surplus value from their labor. Surplus value refers to the difference between the value produced by __________ ______ __________ ________ _________ ______ ______ __________ _________ _________ _______ ___.
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