Discuss Isaiah Berlin’s notion of liberty.

Two Concepts of Liberty (first published in 1958) Isaiah Berlin tries to reconcile the negative and positive notions of liberty, i.e., the notion of liberty as the absence of restraints with the various views pertaining to its operation within the social context. For Berlin, the ‘negative’ notion of liberty can be understood by addressing the following question: ‘What is the area within which the subject – a person or group of persons - is or should be left to do or be what he is able to be, without interference by other persons?’ (1969, p.121). On the other hand, the positive sense is concerned with the answer to the question: ‘what, or who, is the source of control or interference that can determine someone to do, or be, this rather than that?’ (1969, p.122).

Positive liberty, on the other hand, does not interpret freedom as simply being left alone but as ‘selfmastery’. The theory involves a special theory of the self. The personality is divided into a higher and a lower self. The higher self is the source of an individual’s genuine and rational long-term goals, while the lower self caters to his irrational desires which are shortlived and of transient nature. A person is free to the extent that his higher self, is in command of his lower self. Thus, a person might be free in the sense of not being restrained by external forces, but remains a slave to irrational appetites; as a drug addict, an alcoholic or a compulsive gambler might be ___ __________ _____ __________ ________ ___ ______ _________ _____ _____.
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