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Institutional accountability and autonomy are two central principles that shape the governance and functioning of educational systems across the world. Accountability refers to the responsibility of educational institutions to justify their actions, performance, and use of resources to stakeholders such as students, parents, governments, and society at large. Autonomy, on the other hand, denotes the freedom of institutions to make independent decisions regarding academic programs, research priorities, internal governance, financial management, and administrative practices. The relationship between these two ideas is often viewed as a balance between independence and responsibility, ensuring both innovation and public trust. Autonomy is widely demanded by academic institutions because it enables them to respond flexibly to changing social, technological, and intellectual needs. Universities and colleges argue that academic freedom allows faculty members to design _____ _________ ________ ___ ___ _________ _________.
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