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The emergence of information and communication technology in India has been a gradual yet transformative process shaped by economic reforms, technological advancements, policy initiatives, and societal needs. From a largely state-controlled communication structure in the early decades after independence, India has moved towards a digitally connected society where ICT plays a central role in governance, economy, and daily life. This evolution has been closely linked with the country’s development priorities, particularly the need to improve administrative efficiency, transparency, and citizen participation through e-governance. In the initial phase after independence, India’s communication infrastructure was limited and largely analog in nature. Telecommunications were under the monopoly of the state, with low penetration of telephones and broadcasting services. Information processing relied heavily on manual systems, resulting in delays, inefficiencies, and lack of coordination in administration. The use of computers was confined to a few scientific institutions, defense establishments, and large public sector _______ ___ _________ _____ ______.
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