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The emergence of information and communication technology in India has been a gradual yet transformative process shaped by economic reforms, technological advancements, policy initiatives, and societal needs. From a largely state-controlled communication structure in the early decades after independence, India has moved towards a digitally connected society where ICT plays a central role in governance, economy, and daily life. This evolution has been closely linked with the country’s development priorities, particularly the need to improve administrative efficiency, transparency, and citizen participation through e-governance. In the initial phase after independence, India’s communication infrastructure was limited and largely analog in nature. Telecommunications were under the monopoly of the state, with low penetration of telephones and broadcasting services. Information processing relied heavily on manual systems, resulting in delays, inefficiencies, and lack of coordination in administration. The use of computers was confined to a few scientific institutions, defense establishments, and large public sector organizations during the 1960s and 1970s. Early efforts such as the establishment of the Electronics Corporation of India Limited and the Department of Electronics indicated recognition of the importance of technology, but widespread diffusion remained limited due to high costs, import dependence, and restrictive policies. A significant shift occurred during the 1980s with the gradual introduction of computers into government offices and educational institutions. The launch of initiatives like the National Informatics Centre marked an ____ ____ ____ ________ ________ _________ ___.
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