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The institutionalisation of geography as an academic discipline refers to the process through which geography developed from a descriptive study of places, landscapes, and human activities into a systematic field of knowledge with established theories, methodologies, university departments, research institutions, and professional organisations. This process occurred mainly during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and was influenced by scientific developments, exploration, colonial expansion, and the growing need to understand spatial relationships between humans and the environment. In the ancient period, geographical knowledge was developed through the works of Greek scholars such as Herodotus, Strabo, and Ptolemy. Their contributions included descriptions of regions, mapping techniques, ___ __________ __________ _____ ____ __________ ________ __________ _________ ___ _______.
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