Discuss environmental justice and human rights issues.

Environmental justice really reflects the fundamental reality that vulnerable communities are all too often subject to the disproportionate burden of pollution and contamination.

Environmental justice emerged as a concept in the United States in the early 1980s. The term has two distinct uses with the more common usage describing a social movement that focuses on the fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens. The other use is an interdisciplinary body of social science literature that includes theories of the environment and justice, environmental laws and their implementations, environmental policy and planning and governance for development and sustainability, and political ecology.

Among the affected groups of Environmental Justice, those in high-poverty and racial minority groups have the most propensity to receive the harm of environmental injustice. Poor people account for more than 20% of the human health impacts from industrial toxic air releases, compared to 12.9% of the population nationwide. This does not account for the inequity found among individual minority groups. Some studies that test statistically for effects of race and ethnicity, while controlling for income and other factors, suggest racial gaps in exposure that persist across all bands of income.

Environmental problems, notably pollution and climate change, implicate economic, social, and cultural rights, including the rights to health and water. Procedural rights, such as the rights to assembly, expression, and information, are critical to environmental protection. Many constitutions and a number of regional human rights frameworks incorporate an independent right to an _______ _______ _________ _____ ___ _______ ___ ___ ____ __________ __________.
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