Discuss causes and consequences of stress.

Stress is a pervasive issue in the modern workplace, particularly in organizational management and labor relations. It refers to the physical, emotional, and psychological strain experienced by individuals in response to demands, pressures, or challenges. In the context of organizational management, stress can arise from various sources, and it can have profound consequences not only on the individual employees but also on the organization as a whole. Understanding the causes and consequences of stress is crucial for developing effective management strategies and improving labor relations.

### Causes of Stress

Stress in the workplace can be triggered by several factors, broadly categorized into organizational, individual, and environmental causes. Organizational factors are those related to the work environment, job design, and managerial practices. Individual factors stem from personal characteristics or circumstances, while environmental factors pertain to external pressures that influence the workplace.

1. Organizational Factors  
   - Workload and Job Demands: One of the most common causes of stress in the workplace is excessive workload. When employees are assigned more tasks than they can reasonably complete within a given timeframe, they may experience stress. The pressure to meet deadlines, deliver results, and achieve targets often leads to heightened stress levels. For example, in sales environments, the expectation of meeting high quotas can cause employees to feel overwhelmed.
   - Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict: Stress can occur when employees are uncertain about their roles or expectations. Role ambiguity happens when there is a lack of clarity regarding job responsibilities, leading to confusion and anxiety. Role conflict, on the other hand, arises when employees are given conflicting demands from different individuals or departments. This creates tension and confusion, which contributes to stress.
   - Lack of Control or Autonomy: When employees have little control over their work, decision-making, or work schedules, they may feel powerless and stressed. Autonomy is a key factor in job satisfaction, and its absence can lead to feelings of ________ _____ _____ _____ _____ ______ _______ ________ ____ _____ ___.
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