Discuss briefly methods of land revenue assessment under the Mughals.

Under the Mughals assessment was separately made for kharif and rabi crops. After the assessment was over a written document called patta, qaul or paul-e-qarar was issued in which the amount or the rate of the revenue demand was mentioned. The assessee was in return supposed to give qabuliyat i.e. 'the "acceptance" of the obligation imposed upon him, stating when and how he would make the payments'.

Methods are -
1) Ghalla Bakhshi (Crop-sharing): In some areas it was called bhaoli and batai. The
Ain-i Akbri notes three types of crop-sharing:
a) Division of crop at the threshing floor after the grain was obtained. This was done in the presence of both the parties in accordance with agreement.
b) Khet batai: The share was decided when the crop was still standing in the fields, and a division of the field was marked.
c) Lang batai: The crop was cut and stacked in heaps without separating grain and a division of crop in this form was made.
In Malikzada's Nigarnama-i Munshi ,crop sharing has been mentioned as the best method of revenue assessment and ______ ____ __________ _______ _____ _________.
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