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Budgeting in schools is a systematic process through which financial resources are planned, allocated, monitored, and evaluated to achieve educational goals effectively and efficiently. It ensures that limited resources are used in alignment with institutional priorities, statutory requirements, and the broader mission of education. Among the various forms of budgeting practiced in educational institutions, incremental budgeting and zero-based budgeting are widely discussed and applied in the context of school governance and financial management. Incremental budgeting is one of the most traditional and commonly used forms of budgeting in schools. In this approach, the previous year’s budget serves as the base, and adjustments are made by adding or subtracting a certain percentage to account for anticipated changes such as inflation, salary increments, expansion of activities, or policy shifts. The fundamental assumption behind incremental budgeting is that the existing allocation of resources is largely appropriate and that only marginal changes are necessary for the upcoming financial year. In the context of school governance, incremental budgeting provides stability and continuity. For example, if a school allocated a certain amount in the previous year for teacher salaries, classroom maintenance, library subscriptions, and co-curricular activities, the same categories will continue in _____ _________ ___ ___ _______ ____ __________ _____ _________.
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