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The concept of a *paradigm shift* was introduced by Thomas Kuhn in his influential work *The Structure of Scientific Revolutions* (1962). In the philosophy of science and cosmology, a paradigm shift refers to a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline. It is not just a change in individual theories but a transformation in the overarching framework within which scientists operate. A paradigm represents the set of assumptions, methods, standards, and accepted theories that define legitimate work in a particular scientific field. Scientists work within this framework, conducting "normal science," which involves solving puzzles that the paradigm defines as significant. However, over time, as anomalies accumulate—phenomena that the existing paradigm cannot adequately explain—the scientific community begins to __________ ____ __________ ____ ______ _____ _______.
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