Over the past decades, a number of disciplines, including international development, disaster risk analysis, macroeconomics and public policy, have asked “whether disasters are problem of or for development? This classical debate on natural disaster and development linkages is still at the fore of global discussions as potential risks from climate extremes and uncertainty increasingly pose a threat to our developmental prospects. Theoretical and qualitative understanding that development dynamics drive disaster risks, and disaster risk may constraint development opportunities is now widely accepted .However, quantitative evidence regarding these complex interactions remains contested. For example, a number of recent publications still ask questions such as “[c]an natural disasters have positive consequences? “[a]re natural disasters good for economic growth?)” and “oes development reduce fatalities from natural disasters? .
The specific social-ecological contexts in which disaster risk arises are highly complex, as are their immediate and ____ _______ ____ _________ __________ _______.
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