Differentiate the following:

(A) ‘Minor’ and ‘Major’ Indian languages.

(B) ‘Folk’ in pre-modern and modern Indian literature.

(C) Folk forms: Verbal / Oral and Non-verbal.

(D) Sanskritization and great- little- traditions.

A).Ans  : The other important feature in the ‘rise’ of ‘major’ languages was that theselanguages emerged as the markers of political identity of a given community.The re-organization of the Indian state in the 1950s was also along such linguisticlines. However, by the last decades of the 20thcentury, it came to be increasinglyrealized that these ‘major’languages and the literature in these languages did notor could not speak about those social groups which were the dominated onesvis-à-vis the dominant socio-cultural groups. It was also shown that ‘major’languages had become means of not allowing the dominated social groups toexpress themselves culturally. This was because the ‘major’languages, as markersof political identity of a given community, had come to be used to signify thatcommunity as a single entity. In other words, the ‘major’ language of a givencommunitysignified the universalityof the communityrather than the multiplicitythat it contained within it. As a result, the dominated groups, along with othertools, also came to view their language as avehicle of protest against their socio-cultural domination and seek voice for self expression through their own language.Such languages came to be called ‘minor’ languages.In the category of ‘minor’ language were also those languages which, due tovarious reasons, had fallen into complete or relative disuse. For historical reasons,the speakers of such languages had taken to other languages, generally thedominant language of a given community. These languages were, however,different from the ‘major’ languages like Urdu or Sanskrit that had fallen intocomplete or relative disuse in the colonial or post colonial period. For example,the Tai language was the language of the Ahom rulers (who had migrated to theBrahmaputra valley in the 13thcentury from Myanmar) in Assam. Though theyadopted the Assamese language, they continued to use Tai as one of the official/court languages along with Assamese. However, by the 18thcentury, they hadalmost entirely given up Tai language in favour of the Assamese language. Theattempts at revival of the Tai language took place throughout the 20thcentury.TheAhoms sought to establish themselves as a distinct political category withinthe larger Assamese identity and the Tai language became their identity marker.Today, the promotion and preservation of theTai language takes place as a ‘minor’language of Assam.There are also cases where a ‘minor’language generally lacks a linguistic structureof its own. This is evident in the case of the Bagania language, the language ofthe tea plantation workers community in Assam. The plantation workers wereimported by the colonial plantation regime from different parts of British India,especially from Chotanagpur area in the 19thand early 20thcentury. Their languageemerged as a mixture of the numerous languages such as Oriya,Assamese, Bangla,Hindi, etc. To be noted is that though their oral traditions continue to be in theBagania language, most of the written literature that the communityhas producedexists in the ‘major’Assamese language. It is increasingly being realized that thepreservation of their oral traditions is necessary to preserve a cultural heritage ofa community. Towards that end, preservation and promotion of the Baganialanguage becomes necessary. The Bagania language exists as a ‘minor’languageof Assam.In the divide between the ‘major’and ‘minor’languages, script became a criticalfactor. One of the problems that the ‘minor’languages faced was whether or not to use the script of the dominant language. This was because manyof the ‘minor’languages were either oral in nature or had historicallyused scripts of the dominantlanguages of that given society. The issue of script continues to be part of politicaldebate in the divide between ‘minor’and ‘major’languages in the subcontinent.The debate in this regard is whether to maintain any linguistic relation betweenthe languages of the dominant and the dominated social groups in a given society.Another notable aspect in the divide between ‘major’ and ‘minor’ languages _________ __________ ______ _____ ________ ____ ______ ____.
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