Word Count : 257

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In complex chemistry, formation constants describe the stability of a complex formed between a metal ion and ligands. Stepwise formation constants (also called successive stability constants) refer to the equilibrium constants for the sequential addition of ligands to a central metal ion. For a metal ion $M$ forming a complex with ligand $L$, the stepwise formation constants are defined for each stage of ligand ____ _________ ________ ___ __________.
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