Difference between Normative and empirical paradigms

Most of the early writings were normative in character. Even when writers claimed to be describing ‘human nature’ they were often dealing with transcendent ideals embodying their different views of what should be. Theorists writing from this point of view have been displaced from the center of the discipline, as the weight of the disciplines has shifted from the normative to the empirical approach; however, they are not extinct. They are, in fact, very much alive and vocal. Perhaps their principal representative at the present time is Leo Strauss and he and a number of his students from his days at the University of Chicago present their position forcefully. Normative criticisms of existing states of affairs are certainly not dead, being produced in great volume, as are proposals for political action. To the extent the latter are explicitly based on a well-developed _______ _____ _____ ______ _____.
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