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The establishment of the ‘rule of law’ was one of the major claims associated with British colonial rule in India. British officials often presented their administration as a transition from arbitrary and personal forms of justice to a modern system based on laws, courts, codified procedures and equality before law. During the period from the mid-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth century, the British did introduce important legal and institutional changes. However, the extent to which these reforms represented a genuine establishment of the rule of law remains debatable. The colonial legal system was shaped primarily by the political and economic interests of the British East India Company and later the British state. Thus, while institutions associated with the rule of law developed, their application was highly unequal and racially discriminatory. The foundations of British judicial administration were laid after the East India Company acquired political power in Bengal following the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the Battle of Buxar in 1764. The acquisition of the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in 1765 gave the Company responsibility for revenue collection and administration. The Company gradually intervened in judicial affairs, particularly through the reforms of Warren Hastings. The Judicial Plan of 1772 attempted to create a more systematic judicial structure. Districts were provided with civil and criminal courts, while higher appellate institutions were established at Calcutta. In civil matters, Hindu law was applied to Hindus and Islamic law to Muslims in matters concerning personal and religious affairs. The Regulating Act of 1773 and the establishment of the Supreme Court at Calcutta in 1774 represented another important step towards formal judicial institutions. The Supreme Court was intended to administer British law within its jurisdiction. The conflict between the Supreme Court and the Company administration, particularly during the early years of its operation, demonstrated the difficulties of imposing English legal institutions on Indian society. The subsequent Act of Settlement of 1781 attempted to clarify the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and protect the authority of the _____ __________ __________ _____ ______ _______ ______.
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